 ) What is a declaw?
de·claw [dee kláw]
1. remove claws of animal: to remove the claws from the paws of an animal
2. disable somebody or something: to remove the power, authority, or force from somebody or something
 The acerbic comedy has been declawed by the demands of network TV.
Source: Encarta ® World English Dictionary © & (P) 1998-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
The number one, see above, is mainly what we are against. Because it is a serious mutilation, and it is really amputation as it does cut a feline's toes off from its front paws.
) Who provides declawing?
Mostly, the declawing is preformed by licensed and, sometimes, unlicensed veterinarians. In nationwide USA and Canada, it is almost all states allow declawing, however, some regions or local cities whose doesn't provide declawing as they reject it. There is an anti-declaw website that is called, www dot declaw dot com. That is where you can find a local veterinary that will not perform the amputation at all. It’s a well trusted and informative website, and you should give a try! 
Be warned. Sometimes, pro-declaw veterinarians may disagree with the anti-declaw view. They may try to convince you to declaw your own pet(s)! It’s wise to prepare yourself if you are planning to go to a local vet. It’s important that you yourself have to be well informed first before you can start a discussion. You should expect it may get heated up, so be careful. If they can’t understand and/or respect your view, then it’s better time to leave a place. There is no point to continue a discussion, anyway.
) When and where did it invent the declawing?
The declawing was inverted in mid 1960’s[src], through it seems it doesn’t say anything where it was. I think it was legal some decades ago when the mutilation was inverted. I’ll keep looking for some answers whenever I have my time.
While it is a lack of historical evidences we have, the declawing is largely acceptable in both USA and Canada. There is very first ban on the mutilation is West Hollywood, California. After the very first ban in April 2003, those eight Californian cities followed the city. [src] Fortunately, the declawing is not common at outside of USA and Canada.
There are over 30 countries are disallowed the vile amputation! Most European countries[src] are forbad declawing, through they accept medical benefits if an animal has a kind of skin diseases, or its paws have a poor deform that is caused by burnt, torture, accident or etc. There is not only Europe whose oppose to declawing, those are another countries whose disallowed it for the same reason. Here’s the list of illegal declawing in countries:
Argentina, Australia[src], Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Brazil, British Columbia, Columbia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Israel[src], Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom[src] and Uruguay, and many more.
(NOTED: I'll add valid sources to this list, see above, whenever I have a time. )
) Why do they declaw their felines?
Those are reasons for declawing: 1) convenience; 2) ignorance; 3) laziness; 4) do not bother to try another declaw-free solutions after two or three times tries; 5) to view a feline as an object/decoration; 6) a family relative or friend has pro-declawing bias; 7) to obey a private apartment or house property's rules; 8) a veterinarian's recommendation.
So, basically, a holistic veterinarian, Jean Hofve, said: However, declawing is not being used as a medical procedure. Instead, it is a behavioral "quick fix."[src]
) How does declawing work?
Please click these pictures, here and here. They are too big images on this group’s front page, but you can see how they explains well.
Unlike most mammals who walk on the soles of the paws or feet, cats are digitigrades, which means they walk on their toes. Their back, shoulder, paw and leg joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments and nerves are naturally designed to support and distribute the cat's weight across its toes as it walks, runs and climbs. A cat's claws are used for balance, for exercising, and for stretching the muscles in their legs, back, shoulders, and paws. They stretch these muscles by digging their claws into a surface and pulling back against their own clawhold - similar to isometric exercising for humans. This is the only way a cat can exercise, stretch and tone the muscles of its back and shoulders. The toes help the foot meet the ground at a precise angle to keep the leg, shoulder and back muscles and joints in proper alignment. Removal of the last digits of the toes drastically alters the conformation of their feet and causes the feet to meet the ground at an unnatural angle that can cause back pain similar to that in humans caused by wearing improper shoes. -- www dot declawing dot com
So, now you know how feline’s natural claws do work. Now, let's make it clear that declawing is the surgical amputation all or part of a feline's third phalanges as known of toe bones and those are attached to its claws.[1] Truthfully, most procedures are done on front paws only, but sometimes, its claws can be removed from all of its paws. Yes, all of them![1] The surgery could be done by using scalpel blades, surgical lasers, or sterilized nail trimmers.[1][2] Be warned, if it leaves only part left of the phalanx that is removed from the claw, then it would, occasionally, regrow itself.[2]
Notably, some cat owners want to have both declawing and spaying or neutering (or both if they have more than one feline) at the same day.[3]
There is an another similar surgery that is called, tendonectomy or tenectomy. A feline’s toes have tendons. So, when its toes’ tendons are cut, the cat will not able to control its own claws. But, it could have a risky chance of abnormal claw growth and muscle atrophy after the procedure. Be noted, the procedure doesn’t always protect people from being scratched.
You can read for more information about how declawing does work:
Declawing: A Rational Look
Physical Consequences of Declawing
Chronic Pain of Declawing
Non-Graphic & Visual Videos by The Paw Project (See FAQ: Is declawing with a laser better? What about tendonectomy?)
[1] Tobias KS. Feline onychectomy at a teaching institution: a retrospective study of 163 cases. Vet Surg 1994; 23: 274-280
[2] Martinez SA, Hauptman J, Walshaw R. Comparing two techniques for onychectomy in cats and two adhesives for wound closure. Vet Med 1993; 88: 516-525.
[3] Atwood-Harvey D. Death or Declaw: dealing with moral ambiguity in a veterinary hospital. Soc Anim 2003; 13: 315-342.
) Is there any recovery for after declawing?
Yes, there is a treatment that reduces the pain from it: Relief for Declawed Cats. It's worthy read! I'll add more information whenever I have a time to do so.
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